SummaryLeos article The Methodology of Armenian History presents the historical reality of the transition from Armenian providential historiography to apocryphal historiography due to the development of sciences.Critically substantiating the positive nature of Leos historical perspective, thereby, in essence, the historical succession of Armenian historical schools is also presented. Leo, in contrast to the previous qualifications, is actually a follower of the positive school of historiography. Leo demands that literature should carry a tendency within itself, Literature is evaluated from the standpoint of utilitarianism. It should have ideals representing progress. He evaluates the literature he studies from the standpoint of historical progress. It should have a positive cognition of life and human nature. Life should carry the tendency and ideal expressing progress in its composition, and not on behalf of ideal-bearing heroes. All this should serve the welfare of the nation, society, and humanity. Literature created on the basis of these premises can be considered utilitarian realism, since its epistemology is utilitarian philosophical thought.

KeywordsKey words -T. Buckle Dg. Collingwood scientific historiography Leo Hegel geographical determinism Mekhitarist fathers natural influences. trend Karl Lamprecht

The article Leo as a Literary Historian presents the historical reality of the transition from Armenian Enlightenment literary criticism to positive criticism in connection with the development of the sciences.Critically substantiating the positive nature of the historical perspective of Armenian literature, Leo also emphasizes the historical continuity of Armenian literary schools.Leo, unlike his predecessors, is in fact a follower of the positive school of criticism and literary criticism.Building on the experience of his predecessors, it is largely thanks to him that Armenian literature and history moved from providential interpretation to the context of scientific explanations.Leo demands that literature should carry a tendency within itself, Literature is evaluated from the standpoint of utilitarianism. It should have ideals representing progress. He evaluates the literature he studies from the standpoint of historical progress. It should have a positive cognition of life and human nature. Life should carry the tendency and ideal expressing progress in its composition, and not on behalf of ideal-bearing heroes. All this should serve the welfare of the nation, society, and humanity. Literature created on the basis of these premises can be considered utilitarian realism, since its epistemology is utilitarian philosophical thought.

KeywordsKey words -T. Buckle Dg. Collingwood scientific historiography Leo Hegel geographical determinism Mekhitarist fathers natural influences. trend Karl Lamprecht

The article Leo as a Literary Historian presents the historical reality of the transition from Armenian Enlightenment literary criticism to positive criticism in connection with the development of the sciences.Critically substantiating the positive nature of the historical perspective of Armenian literature, Leo also emphasizes the historical continuity of Armenian literary schools.Leo, unlike his predecessors, is in fact a follower of the positive school of criticism and literary criticism.Building on the experience of his predecessors, it is largely thanks to him that Armenian literature and history moved from providential interpretation to the context of scientific explanations.Leo demands that literature should carry a tendency within itself, Literature is evaluated from the standpoint of utilitarianism. It should have ideals representing progress. He evaluates the literature he studies from the standpoint of historical progress. It should have a positive cognition of life and human nature. Life should carry the tendency and ideal expressing progress in its composition, and not on behalf of ideal-bearing heroes. All this should serve the welfare of the nation, society, and humanity. Literature created on the basis of these premises can be considered utilitarian realism, since its epistemology is utilitarian philosophical thought.

KeywordsKey words -T. Buckle Dg. Collingwood scientific historiography Leo Hegel geographical determinism Mekhitarist fathers natural influences. trend Karl Lamprecht

The article Leo as a Literary Historian presents the historical reality of the transition from Armenian Enlightenment literary criticism to positive criticism in connection with the development of the sciences.Critically substantiating the positive nature of the historical perspective of Armenian literature, Leo also emphasizes the historical continuity of Armenian literary schools.Leo, unlike his predecessors, is in fact a follower of the positive school of criticism and literary criticism.Building on the experience of his predecessors, it is largely thanks to him that Armenian literature and history moved from providential interpretation to the context of scientific explanations.Leo demands that literature should carry a tendency within itself, Literature is evaluated from the standpoint of utilitarianism. It should have ideals representing progress. He evaluates the literature he studies from the standpoint of historical progress. It should have a positive cognition of life and human nature. Life should carry the tendency and ideal expressing progress in its composition, and not on behalf of ideal-bearing heroes. All this should serve the welfare of the nation, society, and humanity. Literature created on the basis of these premises can be considered utilitarian realism, since its epistemology is utilitarian philosophical thought.

KeywordsKey words -T. Buckle Dg. Collingwood scientific historiography Leo Hegel geographical determinism Mekhitarist fathers natural influences. trend Karl Lamprecht

The present article is devoted to the analysis of the novel Tess of the d’Urbervilles by the English writer Thomas Hardy, examined from the perspective of the interrelation between naturalistic poetics and gender issues. The aim of the study is to reveal how the principles of the naturalistic representation of reality determinism, the influence of environment, and the role of chance shape the depiction of gender relations and contribute to the formation of the novel’s artistic system. The article argues that the character of Tess functions not only as a bearer of individual tragedy but also as an expression of the critique of gender inequality and the double moral standards of Victorian society. At the same time, the role of the social and natural environment is analysed as an active factor shaping the heroine’s fate. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that in Tess of the d’Urbervilles gender issues become one of the key instruments of the author’s social critique, while naturalistic poetics serves as its artistic foundation.

Keywords Gender issues naturalistic poetics determinism Victorian society double moral standards stereotype individual destiny.